簡介

本頁面提供了有關 Jeffrey Kalowski 已知的內部交易歷史的全面分析。內部人士包括公司的高管、董事或重要投資者。一般而言,基於內幕、非公開信息進行交易是非法的。這並不意味著他們在自己的公司進行任何交易都是非法的。但是,他們必須透過Form 4向美國證券交易委員會(SEC)報告所有交易。盡管存在這些限制,學術研究表明,內部人士 - 整體而言 - 在自己公司中的投資表現往往優於市場。

平均交易盈利能力

「平均交易盈利能力」衡量了內部人士在過去三年中所有非計劃性的公開市場購買交易的平均回報率。計算過程包括檢查每筆交易,排除了作為10b5-1交易計劃的一部分的交易。然後,對每筆交易在3、6和12個月的表現進行平均,以生成該筆交易最終的表現指標。最終,將所有交易的表現指標進行平均,計算出內部人士的總體平均表現指標。列表僅包含在過去兩年中進行過至少三筆交易的內部人士。

如果內部人士的交易盈利能力顯示為"N/A",則可能是因為該內部人士在過去三年內沒有進行任何公開市場購買交易,或者他們進行的交易距離現在太近,無法計算出可靠的表現指標。

更新頻率:每日

查看收益最高的的內幕交易者列表。

報告內部持倉的公司

SEC文件顯示Jeffrey Kalowski已報告在以下公司擁有持倉或進行了交易:

證券 職位 最新報告的持倉
US:RPD / Rapid7, Inc. Chief Financial Officer 164,709
US:IMPR / Imprivata Inc. Chief Financial Officer 0
如何解讀這些圖表

以下圖表顯示了在Jeffrey Kalowski進行的每筆公開市場非計劃交易後證券的股價表現。非計劃交易是指沒有作為10b5-1交易計劃的一部分而進行的交易。股價表現以累積百分比變化的方式繪製。例如,如果一筆內部人士交易是在2019年1月1日進行的,該圖表將顯示該證券的每日百分比變化直至當前日期。如果在此期間股價從10美元漲至15美元,則股價的累積百分比變化將為50%。從10美元漲至20美元的價格變化將為100%,而從10美元跌至5美元的價格變化將為-50%。

最終,我們將評估內部人士的交易與股價的超額回報(正向或負向)之間的相關性,以判斷內部人士是否在交易中利用內部信息獲利。如果內部人士有這樣的行為,我們預期看到(a)購買後的正回報,或者(b)賣出後的負回報。對於情況(a),購買圖表將顯示一系列向上傾斜的曲線,表示每次購買後都有正回報。對於情況(b),賣出圖表將顯示一系列向下傾斜的曲線,表示每次賣出後都有負回報。

然而,僅憑這一點還不足以得出結論。例如,如果公司的股價在多年內呈現非周期性上升,我們會預期所有購買後的圖表都呈現向上傾斜。同樣地,多年來呈現非周期性下降的股價會導致賣出後的圖表也呈現向下傾斜。這兩種情況的圖表都不能表示內部人士在進行內幕交易。

最有力的指標是在公司股價呈極度循環波動的情況下,「購買」圖表顯示正向信號,而「賣出」圖表顯示負向趨勢。這種情況強烈暗示內部人士可能根據內幕信息精確地計時進行交易,以獲得財務優勢。

歷史內部人交易

該表格顯示了由 Jeffrey Kalowski 進行的所有內幕交易的完整列表,這些交易已向美國證券交易委員會(SEC)披露。

呈報日期 交易日期 表格 證券代碼 證券 代碼 10b5-1 股份 剩餘股份 %
變化
每股
股價
交易
金額
剩餘
金額
2021-11-17 2021-11-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -4,752 164,709 -2.80 132.50 -629,640 21,823,942
2021-09-01 2021-08-30 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -10,000 169,461 -5.57 120.00 -1,200,000 20,335,320
2021-08-25 2021-08-23 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -100 179,461 -0.06 113.45 -11,345 20,359,850
2021-08-25 2021-08-23 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -34,551 179,561 -16.14 112.80 -3,897,260 20,253,996
2021-08-25 2021-08-23 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -5,449 214,112 -2.48 111.98 -610,156 23,975,341
2021-08-17 2021-08-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -4,752 219,561 -2.12 113.44 -539,067 24,907,000
2021-06-10 2021-06-08 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy)
M - Exercise X -19,236 0 -100.00
2021-06-10 2021-06-08 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -19,236 224,313 -7.90 85.00 -1,635,060 19,066,605
2021-06-10 2021-06-08 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
M - Exercise X 19,236 243,549 8.58 12.56 241,604 3,058,975
2021-06-02 2021-05-28 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy)
M - Exercise X -3,850 19,236 -16.68
2021-06-02 2021-05-28 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -3,850 224,313 -1.69 85.00 -327,250 19,066,605
2021-06-02 2021-05-28 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
M - Exercise X 3,850 228,163 1.72 12.56 48,356 2,865,727
2021-05-18 2021-05-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -4,752 224,313 -2.07 81.02 -385,007 18,173,839
2021-02-17 2021-02-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -3,783 228,316 -1.63 87.61 -331,429 20,002,765
2021-02-17 2021-02-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
A - Award 2,233 232,099 0.97
2021-02-04 2021-02-02 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
A - Award 24,756 229,866 12.07
2021-02-04 2021-02-02 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
A - Award 49,511 205,110 31.82
2021-01-20 2021-01-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -3,358 155,599 -2.11 87.32 -293,221 13,586,905
2020-11-19 2020-11-18 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy)
M - Exercise -1,280 23,086 -5.25
2020-11-19 2020-11-18 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
M - Exercise 1,280 158,957 0.81 12.56 16,077 1,996,500
2020-11-17 2020-11-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -2,831 157,677 -1.76 69.33 -196,273 10,931,746
2020-11-10 2020-11-06 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy)
M - Exercise X -45,000 24,366 -64.87
2020-11-10 2020-11-06 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -9,673 160,508 -5.68 68.69 -664,464 11,025,728
2020-11-10 2020-11-06 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -30,568 170,181 -15.23 68.18 -2,084,200 11,603,349
2020-11-10 2020-11-06 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -4,759 200,749 -2.32 66.66 -317,233 13,381,848
2020-11-10 2020-11-06 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
M - Exercise X 45,000 205,508 28.04 12.56 565,200 2,581,180
2020-10-19 2020-10-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -4,965 160,508 -3.00 65.65 -325,952 10,537,350
2020-08-18 2020-08-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -2,831 165,473 -1.68 59.51 -168,473 9,847,298
2020-08-10 2020-08-07 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy)
M - Exercise X -45,000 69,366 -39.35
2020-08-10 2020-08-07 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -360 168,304 -0.21 61.34 -22,082 10,323,767
2020-08-10 2020-08-07 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -1,500 168,664 -0.88 60.22 -90,330 10,156,946
2020-08-10 2020-08-07 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -12,858 170,164 -7.03 59.50 -765,079 10,125,132
2020-08-10 2020-08-07 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -30,282 183,022 -14.20 58.35 -1,767,076 10,680,066
2020-08-10 2020-08-07 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
M - Exercise X 45,000 213,304 26.74 12.56 565,200 2,679,098
2020-07-17 2020-07-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -4,965 168,304 -2.87 55.78 -276,948 9,387,997
2020-05-19 2020-05-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -2,831 173,269 -1.61 46.72 -132,264 8,095,128
2020-05-12 2020-05-08 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy)
M - Exercise X -45,000 114,366 -28.24
2020-05-12 2020-05-08 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -315 176,100 -0.18 51.70 -16,286 9,104,370
2020-05-12 2020-05-08 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -718 176,415 -0.41 50.62 -36,345 8,930,127
2020-05-12 2020-05-08 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -16,322 177,133 -8.44 49.69 -811,027 8,801,597
2020-05-12 2020-05-08 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -23,974 193,455 -11.03 48.98 -1,174,153 9,474,671
2020-05-12 2020-05-08 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -3,671 217,429 -1.66 48.02 -176,275 10,440,549
2020-05-12 2020-05-08 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
M - Exercise X 45,000 221,100 25.55 12.56 565,200 2,777,016
2020-04-17 2020-04-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -4,965 176,100 -2.74 43.91 -218,013 7,732,551
2020-03-02 2020-02-27 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy)
M - Exercise X -45,000 159,366 -22.02
2020-03-02 2020-02-27 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -23,956 180,564 -11.71 47.26 -1,132,062 8,532,714
2020-03-02 2020-02-27 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -21,044 204,520 -9.33 46.79 -984,750 9,570,472
2020-03-02 2020-02-27 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
M - Exercise X 45,000 225,564 24.92 12.56 565,200 2,833,084
2020-02-26 2020-02-24 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy)
M - Exercise 10,000 204,366 5.14
2020-02-26 2020-02-24 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
M - Exercise 10,000 180,564 5.86 12.56 125,600 2,267,884
2020-02-19 2020-02-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -880 170,564 -0.51 55.23 -48,602 9,420,250
2020-02-03 2020-01-30 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
A - Award 54,171 171,444 46.19
2020-01-17 2020-01-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -3,382 117,273 -2.80 62.29 -210,665 7,304,935
2019-11-19 2019-11-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy)
M - Exercise X -35,000 214,366 -14.04
2019-11-19 2019-11-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -1,332 120,655 -1.09 53.42 -71,155 6,445,390
2019-11-19 2019-11-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -37,500 121,987 -23.51 52.85 -1,981,706 6,446,464
2019-11-19 2019-11-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
M - Exercise X 35,000 159,487 28.12 12.56 439,600 2,003,157
2019-10-17 2019-10-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -4,971 124,487 -3.84 50.46 -250,837 6,281,614
2019-08-19 2019-08-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy)
M - Exercise X -35,000 249,366 -12.31
2019-08-19 2019-08-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -1,332 129,458 -1.02 53.41 -71,142 6,914,352
2019-08-19 2019-08-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -5,500 130,790 -4.04 54.30 -298,661 7,102,159
2019-08-19 2019-08-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -32,000 136,290 -19.01 53.64 -1,716,330 7,309,955
2019-08-19 2019-08-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
M - Exercise X 35,000 168,290 26.26 12.56 439,600 2,113,722
2019-07-17 2019-07-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -4,971 133,290 -3.60 63.05 -313,422 8,403,934
2019-05-17 2019-05-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy)
M - Exercise X -35,000 284,366 -10.96
2019-05-17 2019-05-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -1,332 138,261 -0.95 52.02 -69,291 7,192,337
2019-05-17 2019-05-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -29,615 139,593 -17.50 51.88 -1,536,293 7,241,457
2019-05-17 2019-05-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -7,885 169,208 -4.45 51.14 -403,224 8,652,976
2019-05-17 2019-05-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
M - Exercise X 35,000 177,093 24.63 12.56 439,600 2,224,288
2019-04-17 2019-04-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -4,971 142,093 -3.38 51.90 -257,995 7,374,627
2019-02-20 2019-02-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy)
M - Exercise X -35,000 319,366 -9.88
2019-02-20 2019-02-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -1,400 146,097 -0.95 46.52 -65,132 6,796,856
2019-02-20 2019-02-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -36,100 147,497 -19.66 45.58 -1,645,406 6,722,781
2019-02-20 2019-02-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
M - Exercise X 35,000 183,597 23.55 12.56 439,600 2,305,978
2019-02-04 2019-01-31 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
A - Award 48,000 148,597 47.72
2019-01-17 2019-01-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -3,448 100,597 -3.31 36.28 -125,093 3,649,659
2018-11-19 2018-11-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy)
M - Exercise -15,000 354,366 -4.06
2018-11-19 2018-11-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -1,000 104,045 -0.95 32.37 -32,366 3,367,468
2018-11-19 2018-11-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -14,000 105,045 -11.76 31.80 -445,192 3,340,368
2018-11-19 2018-11-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
M - Exercise 15,000 119,045 14.42 12.56 188,400 1,495,205
2018-11-13 2018-11-09 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -712 104,045 -0.68 34.94 -24,876 3,635,093
2018-11-13 2018-11-09 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -9,300 104,757 -8.15 34.17 -317,771 3,579,431
2018-10-17 2018-10-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -4,976 114,057 -4.18 33.33 -165,850 3,801,520
2018-08-13 2018-08-09 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -12,900 119,033 -9.78 32.82 -423,329 3,906,211
2018-08-13 2018-08-09 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -7,100 131,933 -5.11 32.35 -229,695 4,268,217
2018-07-17 2018-07-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -4,976 139,033 -3.46 31.65 -157,490 4,400,394
2018-05-11 2018-05-10 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
S - Sale X -20,000 144,009 -12.19 31.99 -639,776 4,606,675
2018-04-17 2018-04-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -4,976 164,009 -2.94 27.79 -138,283 4,557,810
2018-01-17 2018-01-15 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
COMMON STOCK
F - Taxes -13,433 165,707 -7.50 22.30 -299,556 3,695,266
2017-01-11 2017-01-09 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Employee Stock Option (Right to Buy)
A - Award 369,366 369,366
2017-01-11 2017-01-09 4 RPD Rapid7, Inc.
Common Stock
A - Award 179,140 179,140
2016-09-20 2016-09-16 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Stock Option (Right to Buy)
U - Other -16,666 0 -100.00 16.10 -268,323
2016-09-20 2016-09-16 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Stock Option (Right to Buy)
U - Other -191,666 0 -100.00 7.73 -1,481,578
2016-09-20 2016-09-16 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Stock Option (Right to Buy)
U - Other -8,334 0 -100.00 7.73 -64,422
2016-09-20 2016-09-16 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Stock Option (Right to Buy)
U - Other -143,100 0 -100.00 5.70 -815,670
2016-09-20 2016-09-16 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Stock Option (Right to Buy)
U - Other -36,900 0 -100.00 5.70 -210,330
2016-09-20 2016-09-16 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Stock Option (Right to Buy)
U - Other -40,666 0 -100.00 17.33 -704,742
2016-09-20 2016-09-16 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
D - Sale to Issuer -209,877 0 -100.00
2016-05-06 2016-05-05 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -10,000 209,441 -4.56 12.98 -129,835 2,719,277
2016-03-01 2016-02-26 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Stock Option (Right to Buy)
A - Award 200,000 200,000
2015-12-03 2015-12-01 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -5,000 218,441 -2.24 11.54 -57,684 2,520,132
2015-11-06 2015-11-05 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Stock Option (Right to buy)
D - Sale to Issuer -6,000 237,332 -2.47
2015-11-06 2015-11-05 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
M - Exercise 6,000 223,441 2.76 7.98 47,880 1,783,059
2015-11-04 2015-11-02 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -5,000 217,441 -2.25 10.64 -53,184 2,312,855
2015-10-13 2015-10-13 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -900 222,441 -0.40 18.01 -16,206 4,005,428
2015-10-13 2015-10-12 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -100 223,341 -0.04 18.00 -1,800 4,020,138
2015-10-02 2015-10-01 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -5,000 223,441 -2.19 17.27 -86,356 3,859,094
2015-09-02 2015-09-01 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -8,000 228,441 -3.38 20.08 -160,663 4,587,758
2015-09-02 2015-09-01 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -639 236,441 -0.27 20.07 -12,827 4,746,388
2015-08-12 2015-08-11 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -12,000 236,441 -4.83 18.13 -217,504 4,285,564
2015-08-05 2015-08-03 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -7,000 248,441 -2.74 14.87 -104,077 3,693,870
2015-07-06 2015-07-02 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -7,000 255,441 -2.67 15.54 -108,751 3,968,480
2015-06-03 2015-06-02 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -7,000 262,441 -2.60 15.47 -108,312 4,060,776
2015-05-05 2015-05-01 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -10,000 269,441 -3.58 14.90 -149,049 4,015,991
2015-04-08 2015-04-07 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -3,701 280,016 -1.30 13.17 -48,759 3,689,099
2015-04-06 2015-04-06 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -2,006 283,717 -0.70 13.47 -27,024 3,822,122
2015-04-06 2015-04-02 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -4,293 285,723 -1.48 13.89 -59,623 3,968,235
2015-03-06 2015-03-04 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Stock Option (Right to Buy)
A - Award 180,000 180,000
2015-03-04 2015-03-02 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -10,000 290,016 -3.33 13.61 -136,106 3,947,292
2015-03-04 2015-03-02 4 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
S - Sale X -1,575 300,016 -0.52 13.50 -21,259 4,049,466
2014-06-24 3 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
600,032
2014-06-24 3 IMPR Imprivata Inc
Common Stock
600,032
P
非衍生或衍生證券的公開市場或私下買入
S
非衍生或衍生證券的公開市場或私下賣出
A
公司向內部人員授予、獎勵或以其他方式獲取證券(例如股票期權)
C
衍生工具轉換
D
將證券賣出或轉讓回公司
F
使用從公司收到的證券的一部分來支付行使價或稅務負擔。
G
內部人士贈送或接收他人贈送公司股票
K
股權掉期和類似的避險交易
M
行使或轉換從公司獲得的衍生證券(例如期權)
V
內部人士透過Form 4自願報告的一筆交易
J
其他(附有交易描述的腳註)